![]() ![]() The number of fragments increased when nanostructures were fabricated on the fused silica surface. In fragmentation tests, the fused silica specimen broke into two major portions because of the creation of artificial defects. The reduced bending strength of fused silica caused by artificial defect increased 65 % in the presence of 2-μm-deep nanostructures, and the fused silica regained its original strength when the nanostructures were 4 μm deep. ![]() Therefore, a 4-μm-deep square notch was fabricated to study the effect of a dominant defect in low defect density glass. Fused silica, exhibited limited strength improvement. Borosilicate and aluminosilicate glasses with a higher defect density than fused silica exhibited 118 and 48 % improvement, respectively, in bending strength after surface nanostructure fabrication. This study uses surface nanostructures to improve the bending strength of glass and investigates the effect of defects on three glass types. Within-season and inter-annual phenological metrics (for exhumed human mass graves of known location) have been critically evaluated as a means of detection, which can in turn be applied to detection elsewhere.ĭefects and heterogeneities degrade the strength of glass with different surface and subsurface properties. ![]() In this instance, imagery from the early 1990s to the 2000s is used to cover the period of mass grave interment and exhumation resulting from the conflicts in the 1990s. Results will also be presented which detail the application of the aforementioned imagery and method of the detection of clandestine human mass graves in Bosnia. A dense time-series of archive cloud-free Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite imagery (1999-2011) has been used in conjunction with imagery from the Disaster Management Constellation (DMC) imagery (2002-2011) to quantify phenology of the vegetation directly above the grave and the undisturbed vegetation surrounding it. 45 to 12.5μm), fine spatial resolution (30m ground sample distance) orbital remote sensing. This provides a pre-operational proof of concept for clandestine human mass grave detection in temperate environments using multi-temporal (18-day repeat period or multiple thereof), multi-spectral (visible and infra-red. This presentation will initially detail results relating to the investigation of phenological differences of a large-scale, proxy, decadal mass grave site resulting from the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the detection of clandestine mass graves is at the forefront of international forensics and is considered of ever-increasing forensic importance. Recent years have seen mass graves become a stimulant for criminal proceedings and investigations. Existing published scientific literature detailing appropriate techniques is limited and scarce with the methods used often being ad hoc and based on available resources and finances rather than being the most scientifically appropriate. Mass graves resulting from mass disasters, human rights abuses, and war are worldwide, societal, and humanitarian issues which pose huge geographical issues and challenges to those responsible for their investigation. Furthermore, data processing and interpretation can occur remotely without having to deploy forensic teams to the field, thus bypassing major logistical and safety issues. If successful, mass graves will be able to be detected efficiently over large areas and independent of physical or political borders. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by potentially revolutionizing the way mass graves are detected. After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how multi-temporal, multi-spectral, fine spatial-resolution satellite imagery and derived vegetation phenological metrics can aid in the location and detection of human mass graves in temperate environments. ![]()
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